Chaucer s knight a enthusiast of fortune needing

Canterbury Stories, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales

Depending on several Chaucer scholars analyses of the description of the Knight in the general prologue, it looks like there are not really two specific schools of thought within the controversial persona, but rather two poles, using a significant quantity of scholars camped out in the gray area among. Chaucer clearly intended his Knight to harbor some definitive character underneath the besmottered habergeon rather than one expression is wasted in his detailed description. Without doubt the learn of double entendre intended for his character to have debatable attributes, unfortunately, yet , 600 a lot of separation through the original context have made Chaucers social comments far more intricate and contentious than he may have meant. Todays students are dropped in a marine of historical accounts, viewpoints, and techniques. For every mission in which the Knight reportedly took part, there are multiple reports of the events that took place, the differing thinking of the survivors have created three unstable English classes home.

Not only do the Knights reported conquests contribute to his questionable figure, but so does his manner of outfit. Chivalry, appreciate, warfare, religion indeed all of the courtly beliefs were starting major reconstructions at this time. The description with the Knights unclean attire was far from throwaway filler material: given the literary middle ages affinity intended for tying presence to personality (the Pardoner, the Prioress, and the Partner of Bath come to mind in particular), Chaucer certainly designed for his readers to take note of his heros shabby garb. Problem arises, then simply: how do contemporary readers interpret his description, and did similar bipolar schools of thought on the matter exist then as they carry out today? With the growing bourgeoisie, the mounting expenses involved with knighthood, the upheaval of unruly peasants, the growing casualties from the Hundred Years Warfare, and the monetary costs in the Crusades, this was a time when deciphering the mindset from the people might have been extremely difficult even for the contemporary and worldly qualified like Chaucer himself. Certainly, for a period so rempla?able, it is extremely difficult in hindsight to definitively declare which philosophy expressed most.

The two most serious schools of thought within the Knights identity are led by Derek S. Machine and Terry Jones. Equally tend to give attention to two primary elements of the Knight: where he has visited (and just what he was carrying out there), and what he is wearing for the pilgrimage. Machine stands with all the William Blake and Master Byron romantics: he landscapes the Knight in a very fantastic, idealized light, holding that Chaucer designed him to be the chivalrous sort of what most nobility should be.

Machine believes the Knight to become a virtuous crusader, much just like Peter of Cyprus as described by simply Guillaume para Machaut in The Taking of Alexandria: a genuine hero in a world of actions (Brewer 81). He qualities the Knights shabby dress to Chaucers lack of sentimentality and nostalgia for the true battle-worn hero, and disagrees that Chaucer gives a similar realistic treatment to other idealized characters such as the Parson, the Plowman, and the Attendant (Brewer 81). He focuses on the Knights in battle travels, and analyzes all the battles listed by Chaucer, finishing that the Dark night fought in each of these like a true Christian crusader. Particularly, he argues that Chaucers remarkably lengthy poetic set of locations can be primarily meant to demonstrate the Knights bravery (Brewer 84). Unlike Roberts, he would not argue that selected locations were nothing more than bloodbaths of cure, to the on the contrary, he argues that the purposes of many knights in battle were combined, and it is not possible to generalize the events accurately (Brewer 87). He truly does, however , believe the Knight stayed out of your wars in France since those weren’t battles more than Christian beliefs, the Knights in battle abstention, consequently , only contributes to his idealistic nobility (Brewer 87). Hence, he theorizes that Chaucer intended his Knight to get an example of the simple fact that courtly ideals were possible even as late since the 1390s: not a mercenary, but a wide-ranging you are not selected wherever support was necessary (Brewer 82). Brewer actually directly dismisses Jones disputes, arguing that Jones offers attempted to task his very own modern, Traditional western beliefs onto a Old writer a claim, in my opinion, that is not wholly without merit (Brewer 82-84).

In the same camp with Machine, Thomas J. Hatton also believes that the Knight is usually an idealized crusader whose greatest virtues worthiness and wisdom will be exemplified by his activities, and that the case for irony with this portrait is never impressive (Hatton 77). His argument generally centers about the concept of value: a concept which can be, interestingly, the crux of both sides of the argument. Hatton holds which the 14th-century definition of worthy includes not only braveness, but also skill, potential, and experience in rivalry, and that Chaucers excessive use of the word is intended to emphasize these attributes, rather than appeal for the readers feeling of paradox (Hatton 78). He writes that the Dark night is valuable and brave, has identifiable skill within the battlefield, and acts in a manner that conforms to courtly and chivalric ideals. Moreover, Hatton believes the fact that phrase Though he is worthy, he is likewise wise features simply recently been overanalyzed, and that it is only meant to convey which the Knight is definitely brave, and also prudent (Hatton 79) not that the conditions are normally mutually exclusive. According to Hatton, Chaucers Knight is the model of the 1390s as proposed by simply Philip sobre Mzires plus the Order of the Passion of Jesus Christ, portion his master and fighting heathens in foreign gets (Hatton 87). Hatton paperwork that the Knight has never battled other Christian believers, his service is therefore strictly of any noble and pious nature. Instead, this individual has fought against in 3 types of crusades: up against the Moors in Spain, against the Saracens, and against the Pagans of Eastern European countries: all intended for Christian ideals, and all with the intention of Christianity because sanctified by Pope (Hatton 80-82). His wisdom is based on his capability to discriminate between causes of fight, again justifying his quarante from the promotions in France (Hatton 87).

The Jones school of thought is much darker, and lies on the other serious. He carefully examines both uniform and the travels of the Knight, and concludes that both support his sights of the Knights in battle identity. This individual holds which the Knight is far from the courtly best, but is pretty a bloodthirsty combatant that has taken component in the the majority of gruesome and un-Christian challenges throughout European countries, most likely like a mercenary. Roberts argues the excessive use of the word valuable is meant being ironic and contrast while using true characteristics of his campaigns, the technique of apparent praise before carrying on to reveal [the characters] accurate nature is usually one commonly used by Chaucer, and the Knights in battle portrait is not a exception (Jones 31). Valuable he states, is certainly not used in the general prologue to point that the Dark night is deserving of honor. He can brave, and certainly demonstrates skill, capability, and encounter in challenge, but these are not necessarily features worth adoring, and Smith believes Chaucer is making use of the term in a tongue-and-cheek fashion (Jones 32). Moreover, the term worthy is likewise defined as of high social position, something Jones argues that Chaucer understood could have been bought by the ruins of being a great unknighted mercenary (Jones 32). He likens the Knight to Sir John Hawkwood (there are no records of his knighthood), the leader with the feared White Company of Mercenaries, which Chaucer could have known intimately and despised, as he was sent as being a liaison to negotiate with Hawkwood in Milan (Jones 30).

Jones carefully details each battle even scholars who oppose his views usually do not outright oppose his traditional accounts and states that even when Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales, the British had extremely mixed feelings about the purpose of the Crusades. In fact , various people were outright opposed to these kinds of bloody massacres. Thomas Aquinas firmly presumed that Crusades were simply meant to be shielding, and Roger Bacon presumed them to be considered a cruel and useless waste of resources (Jones 35). Many were growing disenchanted by the regular bloodshed as the Crusades was raging on for so very long. Others believed that more attention should be attracted to the wars in Italy, since there were an downright shortage of knights, due to the expense of maintaining race horses and armour (Jones 4-29). Still others recognized instant negative economic impact from the skirmishes abroad, particularly following your violent and bloody Capture of Alexandria resulted in mercenaries skipping community less than a week after the raid, and the price of spices or herbs jumping because of burned ports (Jones 42-49).

Jones also declares that not just does the Dark night never once serve his lord in England, where the Calvary was badly needed to battle the French, this individual also fights Christians, as Russia (Ruce) had been populated by the Ancient greek language Orthodox for more than four decades (Jones 56). Russia is usually not a place frequently associated with the Crusades, but instead a place associated with mercenaries trying to find an ill-defended country to easily loot (Jones 58). The phrase Zero Cristen guy so ofte of his degree, relating to this theory, is evidently meant to be ironic indeed, no truly Christian knight could raze a great already-Christian land, and in simple fact, the Dark night could have in fact been struggling on behalf of the Mongolian Tartars. Although this kind of notion may sound incredibly far-fetched, this is actually documented to acquire happened which includes English mercenaries (Jones 56-60). It is possible, yet , that since the Russians had been Greek Orthodox, some of Chaucers contemporaries could have viewed the Russians since heretics, thus justifying a crusade. This kind of view, nevertheless , would have been controversial possibly at the time, and Chaucer absolutely would not have included the region without being completely aware of its ambiguous effects, nor would he possess simply employed a country as it cleverly rhymed with Pruce (Jones 59). Moreover, in the event fighting in Russia wasnt implicit enough, Jones states that Chaucer spells away blatantly which the Knight fought for un-Christian causes, citing his battles in the support of Palatia, a country filled by heathen albeit Christian-tolerant Turks: agayn another hethen in Turkye (Jones 87).

Smith then evaluates the Knights shabby garb, stating it would have recently been very grossier to keep ones armor in such poor condition. Moreover, the fact the fact that Knights habergeon was stained from his jupon shows that he was wearing his chain postal mail directly overtop of his padding, instead of over his plate battle suits, indicating that he was riding because light Calvary with no cover of forearms (Jones 131-132). There is no mention of a helmet, coat of arms, menu metal, shield, belt, or perhaps spurs (Jones 126). In fact , in the Knights in battle own story, all the knightly equipment he’s lacking is usually described as of the noble Theseus, who rides on a golden chariot, trapped out in steel, with white colored horses (Jones 127). This lack of armour, Jones writes, was feature of mercenaries because with no coat of arms, they’d complete invisiblity on the battlefield, so that they could guard many different lords, leave the battle, or even switch factors during the battle (Jones 131-133). He states that the Knights description would have been quickly recognizable to any Englishman, and probably would possess evoked dread, as males like these were known to terrorize certain parts of the country, and such deficiency of equipment was the very trademark of the new breed of professional soldier (Jones 134).

The majority of Chaucer scholars today do not lay on one extreme or the additional. While the old perspective upon Chaucer was quite Blakean that is, the Knight was thought to be excellent today most (with the exception of G. A. Lester whom supports Jones primarily on his garment arguments) scholars tend to lean toward the Brewer theory. Nevertheless , modern scholars are not since wholly persuaded of his idyllic characteristics, nor perform they subscribe fully to the idea that the Knight was the only genuinely pious pilgrim on the trip. While Lester argues that there is strong proof to claim that the Knight was without a doubt a mercenary, many continue to believe in any other case. Lester cites the widely-read medieval military manual De Re Militari by Flavius Vegetius Renatus, a manual he asserts that Chaucer must have browse, as it was considered the bible of warfare over the middle ages the soldiers equivalent of the Rule of St . Benedict (Lester 25-28). This kind of Italian part makes it clear that poor maintenance of armour by noble knights was absolutely not suffered (Lester 25-29).

On the other hand, John Pratt questions Jones take on the concept of the nobleman altogether. Pratt questions Chaucers knowledge of the Crusades, declaring that several campaigns cannot be dated accurately, which one cannot even be certain that Chaucer had a full knowledge of what constituted a crusade (Pratt 9). He argues that the datable campaigns in which the Knight had taken part were all lawfully crusades because in all circumstances the Church or Christian believers were threatened, however , there probably had been mixed thoughts among Chaucers contemporaries (Pratt 16). Chaucer did not consist of these battles unintentionally, nor did this individual include these to make the Dark night appear to be a monster, but rather to show the Dark night as a intricate character, certainly not the smooth, idealistic output that modern romantics try to project upon him (Pratt 10-11). Pratt argues that while some of Williams historical accounts are quite appropriate, others will be subject to argument, in particular, this individual argues that Ruce may well in fact become the term of a pagan city, rather than reference to the entire Russian region (Pratt eleven, 13). Irrespective of Pratts opinions of the Knights campaigns, he does acknowledge that the Dark night was likely paid for his services: most men of service received monetary payment (Pratt 20). Altogether, this kind of creates a far more complex persona in that the Knight is clearly not idyllic, but still largely sticks to chivalric code and is also quite pious. Pratts argument on the legality of these advertisments hinges on his belief the Knight hardly ever fought against Christians, and so he was not a mercenary, despite receiving remuneration for his providers (Pratt 17). Moreover, Pratt holds the fact that Knight was portrayed sympathetically by Chaucer, and that by simply expecting criticism of the Dark night from his readers (as Jones believes), he a new complex figure with which other noble and even the bourgeoisie may identify.

Emerson Brown, Laura Hodges, and Maurice Keen also tend to trim more toward the Brewer theory. Maurice Keens thesis is classical: he states that the there are strong positive sentiments that supported the continuation of the Crusades. Consequently, the Knight is a Chaucerian hero with chivalrous characteristics. His argument falls short, however , as they fails to check out the actual crusades in which the dark night took component. Instead, he takes Chaucers praise for face-value (Keen 45). He argues that numerous English knights participated in lots of of the listed crusades, but not one had participated in most of them, because Chaucers features, making Chaucers Knight the clearest sort of a varay parfit delicate knight (Keen 46-47). Enthusiastic likens the Knight for the Plowman and the Parson, those who set among the living that too few comply with (Keen 47).

Darkish and Hodges are less convinced of his chivalry. Dark brown also cites Guillaume de Machaut, stating that the crusade in Alexandria was many disgraceful, and that the frequent make use of the word deserving loses it is positive meaning by the end of the prologue (Brown 184, 187-188). Chaucer rather intended his reader to see the Knight while quite noble and pious, but in no way ideal, since estate épigramme is fairly simple-minded in its assumptions about values and inability to live about them (Brown 192).

Similarly, Hodges believes the fact that Knight was meant to be a positive character, nevertheless more reasonable than a two-dimensional idea. Her thesis focuses on the Knights armor, proving the fact that this poorly-kept attire could have been frowned upon, but it would have already been much more believable and predicted of an outdated and battle-worthy knight person who lives the active life (Hodges 279). Indeed, glowing armor may have been afforded by only the truly well off knights, certainly not the real fighting men (Hodges, 276). Even the powerful Templars were noted for their heavy apparel and unkempt hair (Hodges 277). She states that Chaucer wanted his readers to see the Knight as noble, pious, and chivalrous, but likewise as worldly and genuine.

The final school of thought sits almost totally and deliberately in the middle. Charles Mitchell appears to be quite natural on the Knights in battle identity, fighting that Chaucer consciously chosen battles that resulted in merged feelings by the English because he wanted them to see the Knight as a man so complicated that they can identify with his strengths and weaknesses, instead of praise or condemn him for his unambiguous great or bad attributes. Chaucer distinctly omits the use of the phrase virtuous to spell out the Dark night. He characteristics this top quality instead towards the Parson plus the Friar: the former genuinely, as well as the latter ironically (Mitchell 66). He argues that these guys are plainly at chances with one another, and Chaucers terminology leaves not any ambiguity for their respective naturel, but he chooses rather to describe the Knight employing negative space, that is, this individual describes the Knight with regards to the features he refuses to reveal to someone. Instead of positive, Chaucer calls the Dark night courteous and worthy (Mitchell 67).

The romantics would believe courtesy simply means that the Dark night adheres towards the practices of true valiance, while the Smith camp disagrees that the term means that the Knight sticks to to military code in other words, he does not use ethnic slurs or foul terminology, as these had been punishable simply by death (Mitchell 67, Williams 33-34). Worthwhile, as we have already seen, features multiple meanings, but Mitchell believes this was not an random term utilized by Chaucer, and it would have been equally vague in his individual time (Mitchell 67-68). The fact that the Dark night has sparked such controversy is an indicator that Chaucer does not want the reader to pin number him to one pole or maybe the other (Mitchell 66). This kind of, he thinks, was Chaucers intent: to produce an extremely sophisticated and reasonable figure that readers can judge because they chose. While Mitchell can often be lumped together with Jones in his analysis from the Knight, his views seem to be unique in this he would not actually believe one part or the different he simply argues the Knight is too complex being either the best, or a pure callous soldier.

From your aforementioned theses, it is clear that the Dark night is in fact an extremely complex personality. Simply the fact that his explanation sparks a whole lot debate today is a great indicator that Chaucer most likely did not intend his Knight to be a two-dimensional man, whether the ideal or a mercenary. Personally, i tend to agree with Jones a contentious that the Knight was in reality a professional enthusiast. I believe, however , that Smith has attempted to project his own pacifist views after Chaucer, that we feel can be neither validated, nor appropriate. Most scholars, whether they consent or don’t agree with Williams thesis, manage to agree that he has been doing his home work, and that his accounts of each and every crusade are well-researched, and probably exact, however , in every instance high are inconsistant views simply by Chaucers contemporaries, Jones provides chosen to make a mistake on the side of disagreement with all the crusade under consideration. Some of these situations, I believe, happen to be warranted. For instance , it seems obvious to me that in retrospect, many of Chaucers contemporaries assumed that the conquest of Alexandria was raw and unjustified, or at least, went terribly wrong. Chaucer was involved with accounting, to help you bet that he required note in the skyrocketing prices of spices or herbs, at the very least, let alone the fact the fact that massive casualties among Christian civilians, especially women and kids, left a great ill-feeling inside the stomachs in the English after the details of the campaign were revealed. Additionally, in the several weeks that adopted, after a large percentage of mercenaries fled, they may no longer maintain control of the city. Guillaume sobre Machauts account was regarded by many, and respected by Chaucer (Jones 46), so it seems sufficient facts to me that at least one plan was not wholly in Chaucers opinion, for least for the Christian cause.

I do certainly not, however , think that Jones take on Russia is a fair projection on Chaucer. I certainly do not subscribe to the conspiracy-like theory which the Knight fought on behalf of the Tartars. While Chaucer may have also been which some English knights would just that, In my opinion Chaucer probably would not have made the assumption that his entire audience might have the same understanding. Historically, there was campaigns that took place in Russia: inside the generation of Henry 3, Russia was declared a heathen country because it was Greek Orthodox, not Roman Catholic. There were not, nevertheless , major advertising against Russian federation during Chaucers time. Following Pope Innocent IVs missionaries in Russia were killed by the Mongolian Tartars, hardly any Englishmen wanted to set foot in that region, as well as the Bishop of Winchester possibly declared that the Tartars plus the Russians could destroy one another like pups if the British just stayed at at bay. Consequently, I believe Chaucer chose The ussr as a location for the Knights promotioning in order to demonstrate the complexities of his character. In other words, Chaucer recognized that Spain would be a point of a contentious among his readers.

I do assume that with regard to the Knights preventing in Turkey, the expression another heathen was not unintentional. I believe Chaucer wanted all of us to see which the Knight opted to fight for at least one cause strictly as a result of potential spoils, not as they was a respectable Christian. Actually it seems to me that Chaucer explicitly says that the Knight fought pertaining to both Christian and heathen causes: Since wel in cristendom as in hethenesse (line 49).

I tend to go along with Jones that Chaucer models the Knight up much like additional nonpolar heroes. Chaucer typically feigns ignorance during most of his points, pretending to consider different characters attributes for face-value. He does this with all the Prioress, for example , whom the narrator explains as dainty, courtly, worried for little animals, and love with Love even though Chaucer is definitely cleverly suggesting that her courtly and dainty gestures are not appropriate for a deshalb, her concern is dropped, and her love is misdirected. Together with the Knight, this individual employs related mechanisms, even though much more discreetly. Chaucers contemporaries would have found the Prioress as ridiculous and girlish, and only the most shallow of nobles would have seen her behavior as appropriate.

The Dark night, however , is somewhat more obscure. To begin with, the concept of knighthood during the 14th century was simply falling apart. The cost of knighthood was such that many young men did not wish to be knighted because of the financial responsibility of maintaining control armor and a horses, not to mention the truth that there is a warfare in France and crusading campaigns in another country, which inevitably meant certain death. Second, there were many mercenaries tearing up the country, as well as struggling for and against the The english language, so public opinion about these kinds of soldiers cannot have been standard. Third, contemporary readers must look backside through six-hundred years of record to make feeling of the Dark night, and unfortunately, the romantic period features given contemporary readers an unrealistic watch of what that class really was. Today we dont have romantic views of nuns, so we can clearly see that the Prioress was a great inappropriate example of her class. Most viewers, however , do not have a clear traditional view in the Crusades, and our collective view of knights can be horribly skewed by Byronesque poems about shining armor and courtly favors. As a result, when Chaucer calls the knight worthwhile for the first time, I really believe he is establishing the reader up to believe this is certainly a genuine, respectable knight. From a graceful standpoint, his second utilization of the word with 47 is just too soon of your repeat to even sound melodic. In case you read all those lines out loud, the second and third example of deserving jump out, and I consider this was done to call readers attention to the simple fact that this word does in reality have multiple meanings, only some of which are good. I think this view is definitely justified as Chaucer comes after up his this third instance of worthy equal 50 by mentioning the campaign in Alexandria. Quite simply, by the time we get to series 51, Chaucer the narrator still recognizes the Dark night as the romantic courtly ideal, but Chaucer mcdougal sees the Knight as being a mercenary. I believe Mitchell is correct in asserting that Chaucer says a lot by what this individual intentionally does not say. Politeness and worthiness are usually ambiguous conditions, whereas nobility, virtue, and piety are certainly not, yet Chaucer deliberately chose indefinite features.

Williams also asserts that the Knight fought only in failed and unjustified campaigns. Again, I think this really is an unfair projection of Jones pacifist views on Chaucer, however , to express that all of the campaigns had been justified and in support in the Christian trigger as Machine and Hatton do is usually, I think, foolishly idealistic. Rather, I think Chaucer chose many locations that resulted in combined feelings. Most likely many of these advertisments were seen as successes, just like Lithuania and Granada. This seems to show that the Knight was whole-heartedly a mercenary, he only happened to fight privately that the The english language majority arranged with once in a while. Jones sees him like a bloodthirsty, heartless warrior I see him being a businessman whom doesnt have sides, but chooses rather to go where money is because he includes a family to care for. It truly is certain, yet , that Chaucer was a person who recognized his Bible, and likely a great deal of Apocryphal works, too. Thus, the indication the fact that Knight struggled wherever the bucks was, declining to take edges, would be seen as a very unfavorable attribute in the end, Apocryphal knowledge would have people believe that the angels whom refused to adopt sides throughout the Revolution of Lucifer were condemned to Hell. Maybe Chaucer utilized the Knight as a reminder that not knowing wherever your beliefs lie is just as bad to be an downright sinner.

The final important attribute in the Knight is usually clearly his armor, or perhaps lack thereof. A large number of scholars consent that Roberts is correct because the change of underarmor is feature of mercenaries. Some, like Hodges, argue that this was not a behavior exclusive to mercenaries, and that many knights participated in this practice because they simply could not find the money for better clothes. Medieval literature frequently tied behavioral characteristics to dress, and I will not think that Chaucer would have manufactured only one persona in his complete prologue have on clothing that may be realistic for the occupation, as opposed to clothing that conveys a note, as every other characters costume does. The Knight is usually, without a doubt, a shabby chest of drawers. Chaucer overall says which the Knight is usually besmottered which his support is put on in the wrong order. Jones argues that lots of contemporaries might have read this and immediately affiliated the Knight with the terrifying countryside-plundering mercenary, however , I do not believe this is automatically the case. Again, I think that Chaucer designed for his dress to be relatively unclear. Perhaps he meant the armor to be emblematic of the Knights soul dirty, but in a position of being cleansed.

There is no doubt in my mind that Chaucer intended the reader to find the Knight like a mercenary simply not necessarily a great inherently bad person. After all, the Dark night is on pilgrimage, fantastic armor is apparently soiled because he has just been over a campaign. To say that Chaucer wanted us to see the Knight as firmly a homicidal ? bloodthirsty combatant, I think, does not give Chaucer enough credit as being a poet and a religious intelligence. Unlike the Pardoner (whom I believe Chaucer wants all of us to see since evil minus redemption), and the Wife of Bath (who might only be on pilgrimage to make her husband jealous), the Knight is certainly not trying to gain monetary merchandise or electrical power by planing a trip to Canterbury. In fact , given his long great campaigning, it seems that this pilgrimage might be the single thing he has been doing in a very long time that does not directly center upon reaping the rewards of warfare. Chaucer clearly desires us to find the Knight as being a confused, ambitious, and complex professional gift who has killed many in battle, although I believe that he also wants all of us to see the Knight as a guy who is not inherently evil. The Knights in battle last plan had him fighting along with heathens in Turkey perhaps the Knight realized that he may very well gain the world in battle, but lose his heart in death. If this is the situation, then it is sensible that he may have quickly dropped his shield and helmet following the battle (if he in reality had these items), and headed right on pilgrimage to receive himself filthy attire, soiled soul, and all.

Works Cited

Brewer, Derek S. Chaucers Dark night as Hero, and Machauts Prise dAlexandrie. In Heroes and Heroines in Old English Literary works: A Festschrift to Andr Crpin around the Occasion of his Sixty-fifth Birthday. Ed. Leo Carruthers. Cambridge: G. S. Brewer / Boydell and

Machine, 1994: 81-96. Hatton, Jones J. Chaucers Crusading Dark night, a Inclined Ideal. Chaucer Review a few (1968): 77-87.

Smith, Terry. Chaucers Knight: The Portrait of any Medieval Mercenary. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980

Lester, G. A. Chaucers Unkempt Knight. British Language Paperwork 27: you (1989): 25-29.

Pratt, John. Was Chaucers Knight Really a Mercenary? Chaucer Review 22, #1 (1987): 8-27.

Eager, Maurice. Chaucers Knight, the English Nobility and the Mission. In English language Court Tradition in the Later on Middle Ages. Education. V. J. Scattergood and J. Watts. Sherborne. Greater london: Duckworth, 1983: 45-61.

Brown, Emerson. Chaucers Dark night: Whats Wrong with Becoming Worthy? Mediaevalia15 (1993 [for 1989]): 183-205.

Hodges, Laura. Halloween costume Rhetoric inside the Knights Symbol. Chaucer Review 29, number 3 (1995): 274-302.

Mitchell, Charles. The Worthiness of Chaucers Knight. Modern Dialect Quarterly 25 (1964): 66-75.

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