Discuss social psychological explanations given

Page 255 Question four (a) and (b)

EXPLAIN ANY ONE MENTAL DISORDER.

DISCUSS SOCIAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS GIVEN TO GET

THIS DISORDER.

SCHIZOPHRENIA

Schizophrenia is a serious psychotic disorder that is characterized by a loss in contact with reality. Kraepelin in 1902 formerly called schizophrenia Dementia Praecox which is a senility of children. He thought that the normal symptoms had been due to a form of mental damage which began in teenage life. Symptoms are mainly disturbances of thought procedures but likewise extend to disturbances of behaviour and emotion.

You will find two classic symptom kinds of schizophrenia. Serious schizophrenia can be classified as type a single, as a efficient disorder which includes positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. Chronic schizophrenia is grouped as type two, since an organic disorder which has adverse symptoms such as apathy and withdrawal. Those two main symptom categories have been abandoned by DSM-IV, which is the latest type of the American manual for any mental disorders, symptoms and possible remedies.

Schizophrenia is currently classified into three key subtypes, weird in which the person is less disturbed, disorganised or hebephrenic which can be what most of the people associate schizophrenia as, and catatonic which can be the most significant of the 3.

In paranoid schizophrenia anyone may have got delusions of grandeur which is when they imagine they are somebody famous or perhaps grand as an example the Messiah or Elvis, or when they believe that they have magical powers. Delusions of persecution is yet another symptom. This is when they believe that others are plotting against them, they may be being spied upon, talked about or getting deliberately victimised. Paranoid schizophrenia sufferers could also have auditory hallucinations which can be voices observed in the absence of external stimuli which are often important, warning all of them of danger or providing them with commands. Slater and Roth in 69 regarded hallucinations as the smallest amount of important of all the symptoms since they are not special to schizophrenia. In paranoid schizophrenia the personality is much better preserved than in the other two types. It is a type one, practical, acute and positive kind of schizophrenia.

Disorganised schizophrenia typically makes a gradual appearance between ages of twenty and twenty-five. The hebephrenic will display the indications of paranoid schizophrenia as well as disorganised behaviour and speech. Anybody may possess severe interruption in the ability to perform everyday living activities including showering, dressing themselves and preparing and cooking dishes. They may speak inappropriately and say items that do not really make virtually any sense and are also in a puzzling order. Incorrect behaviour may also be shown such as they might laugh when they are being taught terrible media. They may possess flat emotions, where zero emotional response is demonstrated. Their eyes are lifeless, their particular speech is usually toneless and emotionless and they look like they may be staring at practically nothing particular, into space. All their behaviour is out of context. The disorganised type is in-between the traditional classifications of confident and unfavorable symptoms.

Catatonic schizophrenia involves the indications of paranoid and disorganised schizophrenia along which includes more serious symptoms, and is a sort two, adverse and persistent. The schizophrenic may present apathy which can be the lack of affinity for normal desired goals, the loss of drive when they think drained of one’s, tired and therefore are unable to continue with things they have begun.

Cataleptic stupor is additionally a symptom where the person stands motionless or perhaps in strange postures, such as a statue. Extreme motor activity is common after they move in unusual and disturbing ways, sudden movement which will appears purposeless and is certainly not implicated simply by external stimuli. The person might also repeatedly indicate words spoken by other folks, or the emphasized imitation with the mannerisms of other people. This is certainly called echolalia.

Although schizophrenia was actually called the senility of youth simply by Kraepelin, Bleuler in 1911 observed that many patients presenting these symptoms did not carry on deteriorating and theta condition often begins much later than adolescence. He then called the sickness schizophrenia, meaning split brain or divided self in which the personality loses its oneness.

Genetic theorists study three areas in schizophrenia, family history and ancestors, twins and adoption. The studies I have looked at present that people who may have schizophrenic relatives are more likely to get the illness than the general public. Kendler et wie 1985 examine shows that initially degree family of those with schizophrenia happen to be eighteen instances more in danger than the standard population. Zimbardo et ‘s in 95 compiled info from as well as twin research conducted in European populations between 1920 and 1987. He located that the degree of risk correlates highly while using degree of innate relatedness. Gottesman and Protects in 1982 researched identical twins reared aside and found 58% concordance intended for schizophrenia suggesting genetics are essential not the planet. Tienari in 1969 examined 112 individuals born to schizophrenic moms then used, compared this group having a matched control. 7% with the experimental group developed schizophrenia and only 1 . 5% of the control group developed it.

However My spouse and i am looking at the sociable and mental explanations offered for this disorder, although I think the genetic theories will be valid and in addition apply.

Behaviourists studies show that schizophrenia is caused by conditioning and observational learning and that people display schizophrenic conduct when they are very likely to be strong. Ullman and Krasmer in 1969 said that staff in hospitals sturdy schizophrenic behaviour in their individuals by draw attention to those who display qualities of the disorder. The sufferers see that if they disobey the staff and play up, the staff will make a talk over these people. Psychologists admit schizophrenic behavior can be modified through conditioning, as it is the brain that is influenced, but the thought disorder may not be changed. It is hard to explain schizophrenic behaviour when people do not have the opportunity to observe this sort of patterns and it is generally recognized that the behavioural model of a social reason of schizophrenia has little contribution to our understanding of the reason for schizophrenia.

The psychodynamic model is due to a regression to a infantile level of function. Freud calls this the oral stage. Freud believes that there are three stages with the oral stage, the id, the spirit and the superego. The identification wants quick gratification, the ego attempts to control the id and apply a reality principle, and the superego which can be the conscience which controls guilt and morality uses defence components when the spirit has an excessive amount of pressure. Freud believes schizophrenia occurs when the ego becomes confused by demands of id or trapped by not bearable guilt through the

superego. The ego cannot deal so it uses defence mechanisms to protect alone which is regression. The schizophrenics fantasies turn into confused with actuality which gives go up to hallucinations and delusions. Freud suggested that delusions and outrageous speech patterns may make impression when forwent by the key phrase I thought.. Freud is usually suggesting which the schizophrenic is usually dreaming as well as the hallucinations are certainly not really going on, but they simply cannot tell the difference between dreams and reality.

In the year 1950s and sixties it was thought that schizophrenia was caused by a disorder of communication in the relatives. Fromm Reichman in 1948 used the definition of schizophrenogenic people to describe families with substantial expressed emotion. This means people with psychological tension, various secrets, close alliances and conspiracies. Bateson et ing in 1956 suggested the double situation situation wherever children are provided conflicting messages from father and mother who share care tend to be also crucial. He thought that all this led to self hesitation, confusion and finally withdrawal. This theory went into decline in the early 1970s as there were more convincing evidence to get a genetic proneness in schizophrenia

Vaughn and Leff who have worked on the medical exploration council working in london, published a paper in 1976. Were most interested in the business the relatives might play in the course as opposed to the cause of schizophrenia. They recommended that in families with high stated emotion there is a higher relapse rate in discharged people. Their analysis was triggered by an early on study by Brown 39 years ago. Vaughn and Leff located similar results to Brown. 51% of schizophrenics who went back to homes with large expressed feelings relapsed in support of 13% urge rate in those returning to homes with low indicated emotions.

These day there are treatment programmes for the family of the schizophrenic which include training in managing expressed feelings. This approach have been criticised several schizophrenics are not in contact with all their family, and have absolutely minimal contact and yet there is no evidence that such people are less at risk of relapse. This kind of study was done by Goldstein in 1988. It may be argued that any cultural environment could be regarded as having high or low expressed emotion. Large expressed sentiment may well develop as a respond to living with the burdens of schizophrenia.

Bebbington and Kuipers in 1992 showed the results of prospective studies of expressed emotion. In all of the individuals that came back to a home with large expressed sentiment situation, the relapse rate is always above if the schizophrenic was returning to a home with low expressed feelings.

The social/psychological explanations for schizophrenia are certainly not conclusive but neither are the different explanations as there is no get rid of for schizophrenia, the most critical of all mental disorders. I do think that schizophrenia is handed down but not totally. There are other factors which can trigger or intensify it when the schizophrenic can be vulnerable and interact with environmental factors such as stressful existence events.

Bibliography

References: Psychology for A Level. Cardwell, Clark simon and Meldrum. p246-255. 1987. Collins Educational.

Psychology

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